smoking and buerger's disease

Buerger disease is also called amputation.

Buerger's disease affects blood vessels in the arms and legs. Blood vessels swell, which can prevent blood flow,causing clots to form. This can lead to pain, tissue damage, and even the death or decay of body tissue. In some cases, amputation may be required.
The most common symptoms of Buerger' disease are--
1.pale, red or bluish hands or feet
2.cold hands or feet
3.pain in the hands and feet; may be severe
4.pain in the legs, ankles, or feet when walking
5.skin changes, painful sores, or ulcers on the hands or feet
Almost everyone with Buerger's disease smoke cigarettes. However, Buerger's disease can occur in the people who can use other forms of tobacco, like chewing tobacco. People who smoke one and half packs a day or more are most likely to develop Buerger's disease.
Researchers are working to understand how tobacco increase the risk for Buerger's disease. One idea is that chemical in tobacco irritate the lining of the blood vessels and cause them to swell.
If you want to prevent getting Buerger's disease, don't smoke or use any other tobacco products.
There is no cure for Buerger's disease. The only way to keep Buerger's disease from getting worse is to stop using all tobacco products. Medicines don't usually work well to treat the disease. The best they can do is to control the symptoms.
Surgery may help restore blood flow to some areas. It may be necessary to ampulate the hand or foot if infection or widespread tissue death occurs.

References-- centers for disease control and prevention,USA   

Buerger's disease caused by smoking